A History of the Palace of Versailles, the Jewel of the Sun King

Beginning as a humble hunting lodge, the Palace of Versailles grew to encompass the permanent residence of the French monarchy and the seat of political power in France. The royal family was forcibly removed from the palace at the onset of the French Revolution, though subsequent political leaders, including Napoleon and the Bourbon kings, spent time in the palace before it was transformed into a public museum.   Key Takeaways The Palace of Versailles was originally constructed in 1624 as a simple, two-story hunting lodge. King Louis XIV, the Sun King, spent nearly 50 years expanding the palace, and in1682, he moved both the royal residence and French seat of government to Versailles. The French central government remained in Versailles until the beginning of the French Revolution, when Marie-Antoinette and King Louis XVI were forced from the estate. In 1837, the estate was refurbished and inaugurated as a museum. Today, more than 10 million people visit the Palace of Versailles annually.   Though the main function of the contemporary Palace of Versailles is as a museum, it also plays host to important political and social events throughout the year, including presidential addresses, state dinners, and concerts.   A Royal Hunting Lodge (1624 -1643) In 1624, King Louis XIII ordered the construction of a simple, two-story hunting lodge in dense woodlands about 12 miles outside of Paris. By 1634, the simple lodge had been replaced by a more regal stone and brick chateau, though it still maintained its purpose as a hunting lodge until King Louis XIV took the throne. Versailles and the Sun King (1643-1715) Louis XIII died in 1643, leaving the monarchy in the hands of the four-year-old Louis XIV. When he came of age, Louis began work on the family hunting lodge, ordered the addition of kitchens, stables, gardens, and residential apartments. By 1677, Louis XIV had begun to lay the foundation for a more permanent move, and in 1682, he transferred both the royal residence and the French government to Versailles. King Louis XIV, pictured here arriving at Versailles, commissioned most of the expansion on Versailles during his 72-year reign. adoc-photos / Getty Images  Ã‚   By removing government from Paris, Louis XIV solidified his omnipotent power as a monarch. From this point forward, all gatherings of nobility, courtiers, and government officials happened under the watchful eye of the Sun King in his Palace of Versailles. King Louis XIV’s 72-year reign, the longest of any European monarch, afforded him the ability to spend more than 50 years adding to and renovating the chateau at Versailles, where he died at the age of 76. Below are the elements of the Palace of Versailles that were added during the reign of King Louis XIV. The King’s Apartments (1701) Built as the private residence for the king within the Palace of Versailles, the kings apartments featured gold and marble detailing as well as Greek and Roman artwork intended to represent the king’s divinity. In 1701, King Louis XIV moved his bedchamber to the centermost point of the royal apartments, making his room the focal point of the palace. He died in this room in 1715. King Louis XIV moved his bedchamber, making it the focal point of the palace both inside and out. Pictured here is the outside of the king’s bedchamber, flanked by two wings of the Palace of Versailles. Jacques Morell / Getty Images   The Queen’s Apartments (1682) The first queen to reside in these apartments was Maria Theresa, wife of King Louis XIV, but she died in 1683 soon after arriving in Versailles. The apartments were later dramatically altered first by King Louis XIV, who annexed several rooms in the palace to create his royal bedchamber, and later by Marie-Antoinette. The Hall of Mirrors (1684) The Hall of Mirrors is the central gallery of the Palace of Versailles, named for 17 ornate arches fitted with 21 mirrors each. These mirrors reflect the 17 arched windows that look out onto the dramatic gardens of Versailles. The Hall of Mirrors represents the enormous wealth of the French monarchy, as mirrors were among the most expensive belongings during the 17th century. The hall was originally constructed of two lateral enclosed wings, linked by an open-air terrace, in the style of an Italian baroque villa. However, the temperamental French climate made the terrace impractical, so it was swiftly replaced by the enclosed Hall of Mirrors. The Hall of Mirrors, Versailles.   Jacques Morell / Getty Images The Royal Stables (1682) The royal stables are two symmetrical structures built directly across from the palace, indicating the importance of horses at the time. The great stables housed the horses used by the king, the royal family, and the military, while the small stables housed coach horses and the coaches themselves. The Grand and Small Stables, named for purpose rather than size, are visible on the left and right sides of this illustration.   Hulton Deutsch / Getty Images   The King’s State Apartments (1682) The King’s State Apartments were rooms used for ceremonial purposes and social gatherings. Though they were all built in the Italian baroque style, each bears the name of a different Greek god or goddess: Hercules, Venus, Diana, Mars, Mercury, and Apollo. The only exception is the Hall of Plenty, where visitors could find refreshments. The final room to be added to these apartments, the Hercules Room, served as a religious chapel until 1710, when the Royal Chapel was added.   The Royal Chapel (1710) The final structure of the Palace of Versailles commissioned by Louis XIV was the Royal Chapel. Biblical illustrations and statues line the walls, drawing the worshipers’ eyes toward the altar, which features a relief depicting the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Biblical illustrations and statues line the walls of the chapel, guiding worshipers’ eyes to the altar.   Print Collector/ Getty Images   The Grand Trianon (1687) The Grand Trianon was built as a summer residence where the royal family could take refuge from the ever-expanding court at Versailles. The Grand Trianon is only a single story to emphasize the connection with the gardens.   Hans Wild / Getty Images   The Gardens of Versailles (1661) The Gardens of Versailles include a promenade that faces east to west, following the path of the sun in honor of the Sun King. A network of paths open to pavilions, fountains, statues, and an orangery. Because the expansive gardens could be overwhelming, Louis XIV would often lead tours of the area, showing courtiers and friends where to stop and what to admire. The gardens of Versailles encompass nearly 2,000 acres and feature fountains, pavilions, statues, and an orangery.   Imagno / Getty Images   Continued Construction and Governance in Versailles After King Louis XIV’s death in 1715, the seat of government in Versailles was abandoned in favor of Paris, though King Louis XV reestablished it in the 1720s. Versailles remained the center of government until the French Revolution.   View of the Chateau of Versailles seen from the Place d’armes in 1722† by Pierre-Denis Martin. Adoc-photos / Getty Images  Ã‚   Louis XV (1715-1774) King Louis XV, great-grandson of Louis XIV, assumed the French throne at the age of five. Known as commonly as Louis the Beloved, the king was a strong proponent of Enlightenment ideas, including science and the arts. The additions he made to the Palace of Versailles reflect these interests.    The King’s and Queen’s Private Apartments (1738) Allowing for more privacy and comfort, the King’s and Queen’s Private Apartments were truncated versions of the original royal apartments, featuring low ceilings and undecorated walls. The Royal Opera (1770) The Royal Opera is constructed in an ovular shape, ensuring that all in attendance can see the stage. Additionally, the wooden structure gives the acoustics a soft but clearly audible violin-like sound. The Royal Opera is the largest surviving court opera house. The wooden elements in the Royal Opera give the acoustics a violin-like sound.   Paul Almasy / Getty Images   Petite Trianon (1768) Petite trianon was commissioned by Louis XV for his mistress, Madame de Pompadour, who did not live to see it completed. It was later gifted by Louis XVI to Marie-Antoinette.  Ã‚   The Petite Trianon, gifted to Marie-Antoinette by Louis XVI. Hans Wild / Getty Images   Louis XVI (1774-1789) Louis XVI ascended to the throne after the death of his grandfather in 1774, though the new king had little interest in governance. Patronage to Versailles by courtiers dropped off quickly, fueling the flames of the budding revolution. In 1789, Marie-Antoinette was in the Petite Trianon when she learned of the mob storming Versailles. Both Marie-Antoinette and King Louis XVI were removed from Versailles and guillotined in the subsequent years. Marie-Antoinette altered the appearance of the queen’s apartments several times during her reign. Most notably, she ordered the construction of a rustic village, The Hamlet of Versailles, complete with a functioning farm and Norman-style cottages. Marie-Antoinette’s Hamlet featured Norman-style cottages, including one for her exclusive use.   Heritage Images / Getty Images Versailles During and After the French Revolution (1789 -1870) After King Louis XVI was guillotined, the Palace of Versailles was forgotten for almost a decade. Most of the furniture was either stolen or sold at auction, though many of the paintings were preserved and brought to the Louvre. In 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte was coronated as the first emperor of France, and he immediately began the process of moving the government back to Versailles. His time at Versailles was short, however. After his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, Napoleon was removed from power. After Napoleon, Versailles was relatively forgotten. It wasn’t until the Revolution of 1830 and the July Monarchy that Versailles received significant attention. Louis-Philippe commissioned the creation of a museum at Versailles to unite the people of France. On his order, the prince’s apartments were destroyed, replaced by portrait galleries. Below are the additions made by Louis-Philippe to the Palace of Versailles. The Gallery of Great Battles (1837) A portrait gallery made from the demolition of some of the royal apartments, the Gallery of Great Battles features 30 paintings that depict centuries of military success in France, beginning with Clovis and ending with Napoleon. It is considered to be the most important addition by Louis-Philippe to the Palace of Versailles. The Gallery of Great Battles documents France’s military success from Clovis to Napoleon.   Archive Photos/ Getty Images   The Crusades Rooms (1837) The Crusades Rooms were created with the sole intention of appeasing the nobility of France. Paintings depicting France’s involvement in the Crusades, including the arrival of troops in Constantinople, hang from the walls, and the entrance is marked by the Rhodes Door, a 16th century cedar gift from Sultan Mahmud II of the Ottoman Empire. The Coronation Room (1833) The famous painting â€Å"The Coronation of Napoleon,† which hangs in the Louvre, inspired the Coronation Room. Napoleon never spent much time at Versailles, but much of the museum is dedicated to Napoleonic art, owing to Louis-Philippe’s nostalgia for the Napoleonic era.    The Congress Chamber (1876) The Congress Chamber was constructed to house the new National Assembly and Congress, a reminder of the governmental power once held at Versailles. In a contemporary context, it is used for addresses by the president and to adopt amendments to the constitution. Yves Forestier / Getty Images  Ã‚   Contemporary Versailles   Renovations in the 20th century by Pierre de Nolhac and Gerald Van der Kemp sought to revive the estate. They dismantled many of the galleries established by Louis-Philippe, rebuilding the royal apartments in their place, and used historical records to design and decorate the estate in the styles of the monarchs who had once resided there. As one of the most frequented attractions in the world, millions of tourists come to the Palace of Versailles annually to see the 120 galleries, 120 residential rooms, and nearly 2,000 acres of gardens. Over the centuries, much of the art and furniture that was stolen or auctioned off has been returned to the palace. Versailles today is used to house symbolic meetings of Congress, state dinners, concerts, and other political and social gatherings.   Sources   Berger, Robert W.  Versailles: The Chateau of Louis XIV. The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1985.Cronin, Vincent.  Louis XIV. The Harvill Press, 1990.Frey, Linda, and Marsha Frey.  The French Revolution. Greenwood Press, 2004.Kemp Gerald van der., and Daniel Meyer.  Versailles: Strolling through the Royal Estate. Editions DArt Lys, 1990.Kisluk-Grosheide, Danielle O., and Bertrand Rondot.  Visitors to Versailles: from Louis XIV to the French Revolution. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2018.Lewis, Paul. â€Å"Gerald Van Der Kemp, 89, Versailles Restorer.†Ã‚  The New York Times, The New York Times, 15 Jan. 2002.Mitford, Nancy.  The Sun King: Louis XIV at Versailles. New York Review Books, 2012.â€Å"The Estate.†Ã‚  Palace of Versailles, Chateau De Versailles, 21 Sept. 2018.  The Oxford Handbook of the French Revolution. Oxford University Press, 2015.

Is Religion a Prerequisite of Altruism - 1890 Words

Over the past few years we have often heard conservative politicians speak of the decline of so-called â€Å"family values† in America, to the point that the very term has become clichà ©. In most cases this longing to return to family values is a thinly veiled reference to religion, specifically Christianity, and the belief that the United States of America was established upon the tenets of Christian dogma and has somehow fallen away from its beliefs. This apostasy has resulted, they reason, in virtually all of the bad things that happen in our world, from increases in violent crime to decreases in church attendance and revenues. If only America once again embraced its Christian roots, all would be well. At least that is what we are led to†¦show more content†¦If motive is unclear they simply say that only God knows what is in a man’s heart, and He will make the final judgment. Fine and dandy, but what about those of us who are not religious? By now you have probably figured out that I am a skeptic when it comes to the existence of God. In simple terms, I am an atheist. I do accept the possibility that I could be wrong. But let me go a step further and say that if God does exist, I don’t want to have anything to do with him (her, it, or them). It is clear that the idea of a loving God which I learned about in Sunday school was a gross distortion. What good and righteous reason could God possibly have for allowing his beloved humans to suffer and die needlessly around the world? The believer’s retort is that God doesn’t do bad things, he simply allows Satan to work evil in the world to test our faith and make us stronger. Am I the only one who thinks this logic is perverted? If you are God, aren’t you still ultimately responsible for the results of Satan’s mischief? Isn’t Satan, evil though he may be, still subject to God’s dominion? Any parent on earth who allowed the intentional mistreatment of their child would be charged with child abuse, placed in jail, and the child would be taken from them. But to Christians, this is accepted as an expression of God’s love for his children since, of course, â€Å"God is love.† Really. Consider the case of poor Job from the Bible. God and SatanShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Ethics of Torture1633 Words   |  7 Pageslead to a majority benefit. (Stanford 1) Also, one might be able to analyze the cost-benefit analysis in a specific situation, but what about the next time? Known as ‘the calculation problem’, it states that because we cannot always weigh the ‘prerequisite to outcome’ ratio the same in all situations, it is impossible to make a morally permissible universal rule, in this case, regarding torture. (Jason 5.8; 2) Next up is Ethical Egoism. 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Strategic planning of human capital assets - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Strategic planning of human capital assets. Answer: Introduction The right people, the best company. This assignment relates to the study of how a company can manage its people in such a way that it proficiently fosters the growth and status of the organization as well as the economy. Workforce planning has been considered as the key to the development and building a prosperous future for the entity. In core sense, workforce planning is the process of identifying and analyzing the requirements of the business in terms of experience, capability, knowledge and quality of the employees. The below summarized report has been focused on the management and workforce planning for Wesfarmers. Current data on staff turnover and demographics Staffing relates to putting right people at the right job, in other words, it is confined to having the best person for the best suitable position in the organization. For consistency in such operations, the company makes some suitable strategies which are as follows- Strategic plans This consists of the all the strategies which are to be used while managing the workforce. Operational Plans Every company has its operations for which it makes plans about how to bring the action in the organization (Starkey, 2018). Plans and Workforce planning How many people are required, who will be assigned what etc. are under this section. Job characteristics Job descriptions and other responsibilities have to be identified under this section. The Australian Bureau of Statistics The government authorized agency which assesses data on the basis of samples so as to reach a conclusion. The Economy Definitely, if a business is operating under an economy it will contribute to it in direct and indirect ways. Factors that may affect workforce supply Employment forecasting This is a process of forecasting the rate of employment which a company would require in future. This factor directly affects the workforce supply as we cannot accurately assess the future and its requirements. The requirements may vary from time to time. Hence, workforce supply is hindered. Supply and demand Sometimes the supply and demand curve does not compliment each other which create a problem for the company in getting the required amount of workforce for the operations of the organization. Organizations requirements for a skilled and diverse workforce A leading organization like Wesfarmers needs to compete with its rivalry for which it is necessary for it to have best people appointed at the operations. The requirements of a company are defined by its work ad structure it posses. Eventually, it leads to many more upcoming challenges for which people are required in order to fulfill the goals. Hence, Wesfarmers require a completely skilled and diverse workforce as it has very extended operations which are also worldwide where expatriates are also needed. The working structure of a company is very large so it needs to have highly skilled, semi-skilled, as well as labor as well depending upon the work which it is assigning to people according to their skills. Organizational strategy retention of the workforce Retaining workforce is a task in a 21st century where there is the ample number of competition. To be at a stage where there are a lot of options available to choose from is a task. For which there are certain criteria where Wesfarmers has to lead and they are as follows: Specific objectives for the organization on recruitment Wesfarmers have to make certain and clear goals for the organization in order to function properly by this employees will also be retained for a longer period of time as they will know what has to do. Training Proper training about the operations which has to be performed should be there so as to avoid any kind of confusions. Redeployment This is a major tool which can be used to retain employees that if they dont fit any ob they can be redeployed to a job according to their skills in order to have them for a longer period of time (NYAWIRA, 2017). Redundancy This is the major factor where employees are concerned so Wesfarmers have to make appropriate changes in this. Triple bottom line The three factors such as social, financial and environment for the employees must be taken care by Wesfarmers in the more attractive way to retain employees. Strategies to address unacceptable staff turnover It is always good to talk about topics which are controversial and it is always good to solve controversies so as to be the best player in the market. Wesfarmers, in order to address unacceptable staff turnover, can use exit interviews strategies which will help in knowing the reviews if the employer as well as employees so as to address the loopholes. Also, the goals or in other words standards have to be set for the exit interviews on the scale of which they will be measured and also the appropriate solution on the basis of which can be encountered. Define objectives to retain required skilled labor It is always justified to have employees for a long term in an organization (Knoke, 2018). This is a factor which helps the company to increase its goodwill as well as the satisfaction of people who are dedicating their time and efforts towards goals of Wesfarmers. The main objectives in order to do this activity are as follows: Cost Cutting Cost of internal and external sources which are used in recruiting new candidates is minimized. Secrecy is maintained Already working employees know about the process of a company so their retaining is equally retaining the secrecy. Increase in goodwill The company gets hampered in a market as it has most old working who is working with it. Objectives for workforce diversity and cross-cultural management Wesfarmers is a leading enterprise which has a very big channel of work. So workforce diversity is a huge concern and is majorly available in companys operations. There are many employees working as well as the existence of cross-cultural managements there due to its worldwide operations (Chang, 2016). There are several-legislation upon which the country is working variedly like the law of discrimination, equal opportunity act etc. upon which every state in Australia has to work and all the companies like Wesfarmers have to follow them. Diversity completely relates to the employees who are working in Wesfarmers are different from each other and they have different values, race, beliefs, religion, caste etc. but the company makes an environment to work for them in a proper manner (Cronin and et. al. 2018). As a whole, they are representing Wesfarmers which is a most common objective of all. Strategies to source skilled labor The ways through which Wesfarmers can source skilled labor are as follows: Internal Recruitment This is process through which a Wesfarmers can recruit its existing employees by promoting them, job rotation and various other internal ways of hiring potential people for suitable profiles (Byrd and Scott, 2014). External Recruitment This is a process of hiring people from outside of the organization by posting jobs on several portals, newspapers etc. Internal V/S External Internal recruitment is less costly than external. The complexity is both the process also varies internally is much more sorted than external. Internal help in retaining the existing employees and external brings a new blood in the organization. Objectives and rationale for stakeholders Stakeholders are the people who are associated with an organization directly or indirectly (Gabriel and Bennett, 015). They are affected by the operations of the company. Likewise, Wesfarmers also consists of a number of stakeholders like- shareholders, customers, employees, owner etc. The objectives of Wesfarmers are clear and firm which are to generate more and business and growth for the company. For the accomplishment of these goals , Wesfarmers will take the help of its employees which is quite obvious because a company(Trevino and Nelson, 2016)y is known by its people. For this Wesfarmers is trying to manage the manpower in such a manner that it leads to the fulfillment of the goals and objectives which are set. Obtain agreement and endorsement for objectives and establish targets It is very important for the company like Wesfarmers to gain the agreement of employees on the objectives which it has set for future goals accomplishment. So a proper channel of communication has to be used for it and also the established targets must be justified by the team of Wesfarmers. This will further eliminate the possibilities of hindrances from the side of the people who are associated with the business of the firm in a direct or indirect way (Dixit and Bajpai, 2015). Contingency plan for extreme situations The plan which is to be formed in order to deal with complex situations which may occur in future is what a contingency plan is. There are several situations which might be encountered by Wesfarmers while operating its business because the environment is dynamic and ever-changing (Jobling, 2017). So for this the company, first have to forecast the future in order to have a complete scenario about what extreme situations may occur in future, upon this after that a plan has to be developed so as to cope up with the situations, accuracy and accountability of the situations must be measured by various techniques which will help in conserving the time. Action to support agreed on objectives Recruitment can be initiated in Wesfarmers through an internal source and for this, the company has to measure the performance of the existing customers on the basis of certain criteria specified. This will help in promotion. Training to the existing employees is least necessary as they are aware of everything but an induction to the new role has to be done (Collings, Mellahi, and Cascio, 2017). Redeployment is a good strategy by which cost of recruitment reduces and the employee which is hired can be given a different role for which he/she is capable. Redundancy will help in creating job security awareness among the employees who are working with Wesfarmers. Strategies to assist workforce to deal with organizational change Organizational change is inevitable which has to be taken care by the company. For employees, time to training session and awareness to them about the changing environment must be provided on priority by Wesfarmers. This will help the employees to cope up with the changes (April et al., 2014). There is a procedure of unfreezing, change and refreeze through which company may get a feedback on any kind of change which is trying to implement in the company. The employees must be made aware of the changes which are happening. Strategies to assist organizations workforce diversity goals In order to implement the goals related to workforce diversity Wesfarmers has to make sure some basic steps as follows: Cost Wesfarmers has to set aside a budget for implementation of the diversity goals. Communication This is a way to make the employees aware of how to work in a diverse environment with various kind of people. Training A proper session of training in order to deal with the various complications while working in a diverse environment will add up to healthy relationship building with employees Rules Strict rules for the diverse culture must also be implemented by Wesfarmers to have a proper functioning (Ramos Sanchez, 2018). Succession planning The company can further develop its succession planning to ensure the durability by the following ways: Feedback Employees themselves can be asked about their development and retention. This will help in getting a proper feedback et al., (Hajkowicz, S.A., Reeson, A., Rudd, L., Bratanova, A., Hodgers, L., Mason, C. and Boughen, N., 2016). 360-degree evaluation On the basis of several factors, the employees can be assessed this will help in getting an outcome whether the strategies which are implemented are proper or not (April et al., 2014). Performance Also on the basis of the performance employees can be judged for whether the changes are positively impacting or not. Employer of choice After providing various facilities to the employees on various sections Wesfarmers will definitely be choosing the best employees of its choice (Humphreys et al., 2017). The company can develop a plan which makes sure while recruiting the employees for firm all the terms are specified and met by the selected candidate. Retention strategy for the company must be there in order to retain the employees for example exit interviews etc. Workforce plan Management The management of Wesfarmers can take action on the fact that why employees leave the organization. This will help in developing a plan to cope up with the challenges in the same field. Lack of rewards The company can increase the rewards and work upon its previous incentive policies in order to have more motivational enthusiasm for the employees to work for it. Over managed or undermanaged A proper investigation of the strategy of workforce management will help in knowing the loopholes of the organization. Labor supply trends There are changes when the external environment has problems in and at times it gets very much abnormal that demand does not compliment the supply in an organization for the employees. Likewise in such a situation when there is under or oversupply of workforce the company must utilize both the opportunities well (Oakley, 2018). In case of oversupply it must retain candidates according to its future forecasting for the manpower requirement. In undersupplying it must not hire any candidates from among the external environment. Effects of labor trends on demand for labor There are a lot of effects of labor trends on the demand for labor. The demand by a company like Wesfarmers is fulfilled according to labor trends (Rothwell et al., 2015). Sometimes there are ample of candidates and employees are available at the same time there is not a single one. So a proper strategy in order to deal with both has to make by the company. This directly affects the companys recruitment policy of getting the best candidate at the best possible position in the company. Organizational climate Wesfarmers is one of the best organizations. There is no doubt that it must be providing best organizational to gauge worker satisfaction (Steingold, 2017). The climate justification can be done on the basis of employees feedback, leaders justifications, planning and process survey etc. this will help in reaching a conclusion that the climate of Wesfarmers is appropriate for the worker satisfaction. Internal and external The process of refining includes various factors which are external and internal. Wesfarmers can evaluate its external environment where it can analyze the strategic plans and strategic actions which have to be implemented (Goetsch and Davis, 2014). These can be redefined in accordance with the changes in the environment. Internal changes may include changes in the vision, mission or goals of the company which can be refined according to the need and demand of the environment in which the company is operating. Globalization is also a factor is required to be considered as significant, as the company is operating worldwide so the factors and trends of it have to be analyzed. Government policy on labor demand and supply There are several legislations which have been passed by the government and these legislations have to be taken into account while a company is operating in an environment. Minimum wage act is one of the best example of policies imposed by governing authorities. So, these legislations keep on varying from time to time which has to be updated by the organization (Arkhipov, 2017). For this company have to remain updated with the external environment changes. Effectiveness of change processes The change process can be evaluated through various methods of evaluation such as surveys, feedbacks, 360-degree evaluation, and observation; reviewing the actions etc. this will helps in knowing whether the whole process is working properly or not. Conclusion In the limelight of the above-executed analysis, it has been concluded that the workforce is one of the most valuable assets of the business organization and hence there is a need of managing the workforce in an appropriate manner. The above report is focused on managing the workforce of Wesfarmers. References April, J., Better, M., Glover, F., Kelly, J.P. and Kochenberger, G., 2014. Strategic Workforce Optimization: Ensuring Workforce Readiness with OptForce TM.Arkhipov, D., Battaa, O., Walter, P. and Chamard, A., A new optimization problem for work assignment in large assembly lines with specific management constraints. BUTKENOVA, A.K., 2018. Strategic planning of human capital assets at industrial enterprises.Revista ESPACIOS.39(04). Byrd, M.Y. and Scott, C.L. eds., 2014. Diversity in the workforce: Current issues and emerging trends. Routledge. Chang, J.F., 2016. Business process management systems: strategy and implementation. CRC Press. Collings, D.G., Mellahi, K. and Cascio, W.F. eds., 2017. The Oxford Handbook of Talent Management. Oxford University Press. Cronin, C.B., Alexander, A., Majumdar, E., Thompson, C., Wolf, B., Lazaro, R. and Lazaro, V., 2018.Knowledge Management Resource to Support Strategic Workforce Development for Transit Agencies(No. Project F-23). Dixit, P. and Bajpai, B.L., 2015. Managing Workforce Diversity in Competitive Environment. International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 4(1), pp.1-11. Gabriel, A.S. and Bennett, A.A., 2015. Getting Engaged: Top Tips for an Engaged Workforce. SIOP White Paper Series, pp.4-8. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Hajkowicz, S.A., Reeson, A., Rudd, L., Bratanova, A., Hodgers, L., Mason, C. and Boughen, N., 2016. Tomorrows digitally enabled workforce: Megatrends and scenarios for jobs and employment in Australia over the coming twenty years. Australian Policy Online. Humphreys, J., Wakerman, J., Kuipers, P., Russell, D., Siegloff, S., Homer, K. and Wells, R., 2017. Improving workforce retention: Developing an integrated logic model to maximise sustainability of small rural and remote health care services. Jobling, W.R. and Morrison, H.J., 2017. Crossrail and Riyadh metro-Managing scale, what has been learned?. In16th Australasian Tunnelling Conference 2017: challenging underground space: bigger, better, more(p. 723). Engineers Australia. Knoke, D., 2018. Changing organizations: Business networks in the new political economy. Routledge. NYAWIRA, M.S., 2017.FACTORS AFFECTING EMPLOYEES TURNOVER AT ORGANISATIONS (A CASE OF FORTUNE MICRO-FINANCE IN EMBU COUNTY)(Doctoral dissertation, mua). Oakley, D., 2018. Retirement Reform Lessons: The Experience of Palm Beach Public Safety Pensions. Rothwell, W.J., Jackson, R.D., Ressler, C.L., Jones, M.C. and Brower, M., 2015. Career Planning and Succession Management: Developing Your Organization's Talentfor Today and Tomorrow: Developing Your Organizations Talentfor Today and Tomorrow. ABC-CLIO. Starkey, A.J., 2018.Many-Objective Genetic Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Based Workforce Optimisation Strategies for Large Scale Organisational Design(Doctoral dissertation, University of Essex). Steingold, F.S., 2017. The employer's legal handbook: Manage your employees workplace effectively. Nolo. Trevino, L.K. and Nelson, K.A., 2016. Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right. John Wiley Sons.

What Is Obesity Essay Sample free essay sample

Obesity is an extra proportion of entire organic structure fat. A individual is considered corpulent when his or her weight is 20 % or more above normal weight. The most common step of fleshiness is the organic structure mass index or BMI. A individual is considered fleshy if his or her BMI is between 25 and 29. 9 ; a individual is considered corpulent if his or her BMI is over 30. Fleshiness occurs when a individual consumes more Calories than he or she burns. For many people this boils down to eating excessively much and exerting excessively small. But there are other factors that besides play a function in fleshiness for illustration: Age. As you get older. your body’s ability to metabolise nutrient slows down and you do non necessitate as many Calories to keep your weight. Gender. Women tend to be more fleshy than work forces. Work forces have a higher resting metabolic rate ( intending they burn more energy at remainder ) than adult females. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Obesity? Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page so work forces require more Calories to keep their organic structure weight. Illness. Although non every bit common as many believe. there are some unwellnesss that can do fleshiness. These include endocrine jobs such as hypothyroidism ( ill moving thyroid slows metamorphosis ) . depression. and some rare diseases of the encephalon that can take to gorging. Fleshiness has more than double since 1980. In 2008. more than 1. 4 billion grownups. 20 and older. were fleshy. Of these over 200 million work forces and about 300 million were corpulent. Overweight and fleshiness are the 5th leading hazard for planetary deceases. At least 2. 8 million grownups die each twelvemonth as a consequence of being fleshy or corpulent. Fleshiness has far runing negative consequence on wellness each twelvemonth fleshiness related conditions cost over 150 billion and do an estimated 300. 000 premature deceases in the US. The wellness effects associated with fleshiness are high blood force per unit area extra fat tissue in the organic structure needs O and foods in order to populate. which requires the blood vass to go around more blood to the fat tissue. This increases the work load of the bosom because it must pump more blood through extra blood vass. Diabetes fleshiness is the major cause of type 2 diabetes. This type of diabetes normally begins in maturity but. is now really happening in kids. Fleshiness can do opposition to insulin. the endocrine that regulates blood sugar. When fleshiness causes insulin opposition. the blood sugar becomes elevated. Even moderate fleshiness dramatically increases the hazard of diabetes. Heart disease coronary artery disease ( hardening of the arterias ) is present 10 times more frequently in corpulent people compared to those who are non corpulent. Coronary arteria disease is besides more prevailing because fatty sedimentations build up in arterias that supply the bosom. Narrowed arterias and decreased blood flow to the bosom can do chest hurting ( angina ) or a bosom onslaught. Blood coagulums can besides organize in narrowed arterias and do a shot. Joint jobs. including degenerative arthritis – Obesity can impact the articulatio genuss and hips because of the emphasis placed on the articulations by excess weight. Joint replacing surgery. while normally performed on damaged articulations. may non be an advisable option for an corpulent individual because the unreal articulation has a higher hazard of loosening a nd doing farther harm. Sleep apnea and respiratory jobs sleep apnea. which causes people to halt external respiration for brief periods. interrupts sleep throughout the dark and causes drowsiness during the twenty-four hours. It besides causes heavy snore. Respiratory jobs associated with fleshiness occur when added weight of the chest wall squeezes the lungs and causes restricted take a breathing. Sleep apnea is besides associated with high blood force per unit area. One of the most painful facets of fleshiness may be the emotional agony it causes. American society topographic points great accent on physical visual aspect. In add-on. many people wrongly stereotype corpulent people as lazy. However. more and more grounds contradicts this premise. Corpulent people frequently face biass or favoritism at work. at school. while looking for a occupation. and in societal state of affairss. Feelingss of rejection. shame. or depression are common.

English Unit 5 Quiz 3 Flashcard

English Unit 5 Quiz 3

ISHAYA AJET HOSEA Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers

ISHAYA AJET HOSEA Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers ISHAYA AJET HOSEA 130151 Investing in Africa's Future Africa University, [A.U] Institute of peace, Leadership and governance, [I.P.L.G] Master's in Public Policy and Governance (MPPG) Mutare, Zimbabwe Policy Impact on the Environment ( PEP513 ) Lecturer: Mrs. Bere Question: Using a case study discuss renewable sources of energy explaining their limitations as alternatives sources of energy on the African continent: Case: Renewable Energy in Nigeria Sign.. Due Date: 30 March 2018 ABSTRACT All human activities be contingent on one form of energy or another. Energy cannot be created or destroy ed , but can only adjust from one form to a newer . It is a very important substance for economic development of any society or country. Energy is fundamental to human activities. Despite the importance of energy to socio-economic development, Nigeria has not been able to generate the minimum required amount of energy it needs f or her population of over 180 Million Renewable energy is derived from a source that can be regenerated within a reasonably short time through natural sources. These sources include Solar, Wind , Hydro, Biomass, Geothermal . Nigeria has set for herself the target of being within the 20 largest economies in the world by 2020, with the challenges of leadership problem , rising population, unemployment as well as low access to energy and the challenges of climate change. Development and sustenance of renewable energy have been identified to be the most suitable . Energy from these renewable sources can be transformed to supplement the final energy from conventional energy needed to grow the e conomy in a sustainable manner. Keywords: Solar, Wind, Hydro, Biomass, Geothermal INTRODUCTION Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources which are naturally replenished on a human time scale such as Sunlight, Wind, Rain, Tides, Waves and Geothermal heat (Donald, 2016) . Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas; electricity generation, hot water, motor fuels and rural energy services. According to (Armstrong, 2016) r apid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency is resulting in significant energy security, climate change mitigation and economic benefits. In international public opinion surveys, there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as Solar power and Wind power. At national level, at least 30 nations around world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 percent of energy supply (Amory, 2016) . National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond. While many renewable energy projects are large-scale , renewable technologies are also suited to rural and remote areas and developing countries, where energy is often crucial in human development. United Nation's secretary general Ban Ki-moon has restated that renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity (Leone, 2011) . RENEWABLE ENERGY, GREEN POWER AND CONVENTIONAL POWER- SEE THE DIFFERENCE Renewable Energy Renewable energy includes resources that rely on fuel sources that restore themselves over short periods of time and do not diminish. Such fuel sources include sun, wind, moving water, organic plant and waste material (eligible biomass) and the earth's heat (geothermal). Although, the impacts are small, some renewable energy technologies have an impact on the environment al trade-offs associated with issues such as fisheries and land use. Green Power Green power is a subset of renewable energy and represents those renewable energy resources and technologies that provide the highest environmental benefits. Green power is defined as electricity produced from solar, wind, geothermal, biogas, eligible biomass and low-impact small hydroelectric sources. People often buy into green power for avoided environmental impacts/pollution and its greenhouse gas reduction benefits. Green power sources produce electricity with an environmental profile superior to conventional power technologies and produce no fossil-fuel based greenhouse gas emission. Environmental power assessment (EPA) requires that green power sources must also have been built within the last 15 years in order to support NEW' renewable energy development. Conventional Power Conventional power includes the combustion of fossil fuels (coal, natural gas and oil) and the nuclear fission of uranium. Fossil fuels have environmental costs from mining, drilling or extraction and emit greenhouse gases and air pollution during combustion (Agency International Energy, 2006) . Although, nuclear power generation emits

The Growth of Anti-Communist Belief In the 20th century Essay

The Growth of Anti-Communist Belief In the 20th century - Essay Example The ideas of communism later grew rapidly spreading the political and social structures in countries all over the eastern bloc and causing an intense rivalry between the east and countries in the Western bloc that were mainly capitalist. During the cold war, the feelings against anticommunism began spreading in the eastern countries thereby resulting in the disintegration of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The cold war created an enabling environment for the spread of propaganda about other countries and economic regimes. The cold war period preceded the Second World War, a period in which countries in the different economic blocs never shared any business transaction and they each lived in fear of the operations of each bloc. Each region therefore feared that the other was progressively becoming stronger and accruing military assets thereby gaining military power. This culminated into fear which no bloc could break by opening war against the other. However, the fear and sus picion that the East had against the economy of the West slowly began countering the effect of communism in the East resulting in the abolition of the economic regime. The West led by the United States of America and countries in Europe had the capitalist economic structure. Capitalism enabled rapid economic growth since it permitted private enterprises thereby enabling the government to collect taxes from the population thereby gaining more revenue. The ideas of capitalism promised rapid economic growth through private investment. The western countries therefore looked economically stronger than the Eastern bloc did since they had enough money to purchase any military artillery they would require. This was unlike the situation in the Eastern bloc where the countries communally owned the economy and therefore the military assets. The regime looked weak and threatened the growth of the entire Asian continent and their affiliates. The precarious times of the cold war therefore created an enabling environment for the spread of propaganda and hate messages among each region. The East progressively became suspicious of the activities of the western bloc, which had active economic activity. The fear and propaganda led to fighting among the different regions in the eastern bloc resulting in the split within the socialist world. The West feared that the growth of the communist ideologies in the East would eventually affect their economies since they targeted foreign markets after the war. The cold war therefore created an enabling environment for the spread of propaganda which the west appropriately created and used their advanced telecommunication mechanisms to spread to east and other neutral countries. The infiltration of the propaganda resulted in fear, which compelled the socialist countries to split their political ideologies a feature in the history of communism that resulted in the creation of left wing anticommunism. The creation of the left wing anti-communi sm preceded the split of the communist parties from the previously predominant socialist second international to create three different political ideologies including the democratic socialist, the third international and the social democrats2. Communism had an elaborate political system referred to as the socialist. The regimes had

History Of Quality Management As It Relates To The US Air Force Research Paper

History Of Quality Management As It Relates To The US Air Force - Research Paper Example TQM is an approach that can enhance the competitiveness, effectiveness and flexibility of a whole organization that requires planning, organizing and understanding each activity (O’Neill & Sohal, 1999). TQM has been applied to all industries with the focus on quality improvement or achieving overall customer satisfaction. TQM in the US Air Force has its own significance and has been in practice for several decades. As the Federal government realized the need for a smaller military force due to decreasing military threat from the former Soviet Union, the financial support to the military was reduced (Sanchez, 1997). This necessitated the reduction in the size of personnel from each service as well as eliminating many weapon systems. With the reduced number of airmen, seamen and soldiers the need for efficiency became paramount (Moser & Bailey, 1997). TQM training was instituted in all branches of the armed forces and extended to the US defense industries as well. This paper res earches how the application and utility of TQM has evolved and whether it has been able to enhance efficiency in the US Air Force.TQM has further been defined as a process of continuous improvement (Gonsalves, 2002) where continued effort is exerted by everyone in the organization to understand, meet and exceed customer expectations through quality enhancement (Hoang, 2009) where quality includes characteristics such as performance, features, durability, aesthetics and service quality (Lian, 2001). Ho, Duffy and Shih (1999) emphasize that continuous improvement, customer focus, and teamwork form the core of TQM philosophy. TQM is a holistic concept wherein all members of the organization participate in planning and implementing continuous quality improvement (Sanchez, 1997). Deming stated that to achieve success through TQM the managers must whole-heartedly believe in the philosophy and create an environment for the process to function (D’Ron, 1998). Deming also offered sugge stions for the managers to change their traditional mindset which included leadership, training, breaking down the barriers, not focusing on price alone, eliminating quotas and most importantly they should adopt the TQM principles. The Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (MBNQA) was established by Congress in 1987 to stimulate competition in the US businesses. This is a prestigious award for excellence and quality achievement in the United States. This award was meant to recognize organizations that have outstanding processes and practices, and that focus on continuous improvement and where the practice is measureable. The MBNQA is basically a business review, a formal process to review how the business operates. Its implementation requires visionary leadership, social responsibility, focus on future, focus on results, managing for innovation and valuing employees and other stakeholders (Baldridge Award, 2005). The award is given to organizations that demonstrate exemplary achie vements across seven dimensions - leadership, strategic planning, customer and market focus, measurement, analysis and knowledge management, human resources focus, process management, and business results.

Mini-report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mini-report - Research Paper Example The book has two central issues: the first argues whether Plato’s good morals are centered on individual humans or quasi-morals, the second issue is a discussion on what is good to them. The form of good in the republic is evaluated by different top philosophers and classicists. The book acts as an introduction to Plato’s philosophy thus equipping today’s students efficiently both in interpreting controversial issues and adding their ethical backgrounds. Terry has really worked hard in illustrating the admirable qualities in the republic of Plato. This is a result of her proficiency in writing; she’s the professor of philosophy in Wisconsin university together with the other authors. George Anastaplo, a scholar explains in this book how one can read and at the same tie enjoy texts from ancient authors. He illustrates how these great artists thought and discussed among themselves to come up with solutions of their time. In the book, the author does not mention the texts one by one but, but discusses what he has noticed or learnt from these individuals. His discussion ranges from the ancient Homer and Plato to Aristotle and Sappho. The author discusses how different these relate to chance, these include: art, nature, and divinity, this is in relation to different artworks from various philosophers. This is a book by the famous Christopher Taylor; he brings out a relationship between the infuriating and engaging figure and the historical Socrates that appears in most of Plato’s dialogues. He goes on and examines the big image in Socrates as a good example of a philosophic life. He emphasizes the influence of Socrates to the development western philosophies, without his play, it would have been a different thing. Socrates just had an influential figure in making advancements in philosophy; he wasn’t an author as well but played a

Analysis of Attack Tree Process

Analysis of Attack Tree Process When analyzing the security threats to a system the system analyst is forced to rely on an Ad hoc brainstorming process (Schneier, 2004, p. 318) to try and conceptualize what purposes an attacker could have in targeting a system and the methods they could use to carry out their attack. The limitation to the ad hoc approach is that the analyst could miss an area of potential vulnerability or even focus available resources on an attack that is extremely unlikely leaving the door wide open for more likely attacks to occur. The Attack Tree process developed by Bruce Schneier seeks to replace existing ad hoc processes with one that provides a process for evaluating the threats of an attack against a system and what procedures can be put in place to prevent them (p. 318). The process seeks to first identify an attackers goal and then analyzes the methods they could use to accomplish their goal so resources are assigned appropriately. In an Attack Trees, attacks against a system are represented by a tree structure with the goal as the root node and different ways of achieving that goal as leaf nodes (p. 318). The Importance of Using an Attack Tree Process An Attack Tree process is a useful tool to try and analyze the different ways an attacker could achieve their goal. There are several benefits / advantages that can be attributed to a well developed process in the case of Attack Trees you could: Create an multi input iterative process: An Attack Tree enables a system analyst to implement a process where people with different backgrounds / skill sets can add their input to help analyze possible threats and what can be done to negate these threats. Since the process is also iterative you can ensure that it is continually improved upon, this is important because it is unlikely that the attackers are not continually improving their methods. Capture and reuse the process for future projects: In capturing the information created from a process you could ensure that the next time a system is being developed you will have a repository to look to for reference on potential security threats and methods of dealing with them. Since the system analyst is not working from scratch there is a saving of time and money. In creating and reusing a process you also help ensure consistency and reliability. Compute the risk of a type of attack: Different attacks have different probabilities of occurring as well as have different costs associated with them. If an attack is low gain but has a high cost of prevention it wont be worth it to prevent against it (Buldas, Laud, Priisalu, Saarepera and Willemson, 2006) Can be broken down in to multiple pieces: By creating a scalable process you dont have to have someone who is an expert in every single area instead you could have subject matter experts look at the system and offer their input. The Latest Developments in Attack Tree Processes Since Schneier introduced the concept of Attack Trees (1999) several other researchers have worked to fine tune the process. Buldas et al. have offered a more accurate estimate of the probability of an attack and how it in turn influences the cost of preventing against such an attack (2006). By exploring what sort of profit an attacker could gain from conducting the attack (e.g. stealing a competitors designs) and weighing the profit against the cost of the attack (e.g. going to jail) the system analyst will be able to see if reward is proportional to the risk the attacker takes. If an attacker feels that the reward is not proportional to the risk involved, then the probability of an attack occurring is reduced and in turn the resources required to protect the system from such an attack could be reduced as well. Practical examples of industries that could benefit from using an Attack Tree methodology have also been outlined. Sommestad, Ekstedt and NordstrÃÆ'Â ¶m (2009) have written a framework for the practical application of using Attack Trees along with other processes to manage the security of power communication systems. Since power generation is a cornerstone of societys critical infrastructure (Sommestad et al., 2009, p. 1) the protection of the Wide Area Networks that support them is a top priority. However security for such a system is complicated by factors such as; systems of varying age, different levels of criticality and geographical positioning of such systems. Attack Trees in Relation to My Personally Experience When I took a course in Project Management I read an article Secrets to Creating the Exclusive Accurate Estimate. The author mentioned that a project manager should know that a project without risk analysis is useless (Gray, 2001). Before we set up countermeasures to mitigate the risks, we need to know what the threats are. The fundamental concept of an Attack Tree process is to analyze the relation between cause and consequence of malicious attraction. Analyzing the cause and effect of an action is a skill I frequently use to make effective decisions. I list all possible options, analyze the outcome of each option, and estimate the cost I will pay for choosing a particular option. For instance, I would like to eliminate the mice in my apartment. I can use mouse poison, a glue trap, or hire a professional. There are various brands of mouse poisons and glue traps available on the shelves. I might need do some research to analyze their effectiveness and the environmental impact once I used them. Also, if I dont want to see or dispose of the body of the mouse, the glue trap might not be a good choice. Hiring a professional could be an efficient option, but it might cost me a lot. Based on my budget and other relative factors, I can build up an Attack Tree for my Mouse War and use it to assist me to make the best decision. However, the true value of an Attack Tree lies in its ability to assist people in analyzing factors of vulnerability and estimating the feasibility of practices with more complex circumstances such as the incorporation of a networking system. Moreover since Attack Trees provide a systematic methodology which is traceable and reusable it means that not only will the analyst who developed the Attack Tree process be able to utilize it, but they could also hand down the process to others (Network Security Technologies, I., 2005). Once a basic template has been completed such as an Attack Tree for a virus attack, this Attack Tree could be reused as a branch in a more complex model. The analyst doesnt have to rebuild it iteratively. The Potential of Attack Trees to Impact Business The IT industry, today, is expanding at an immense rate. Meanwhile, the tricks used by attackers improve at a pace beyond which we can imagine. Not only do businesses that are heavily invested in IT have to evolve to fight these malicious threats, but also all business are supposed to equip themselves with the ability to deal with emerging threats. Intuition and experience can help a security analyst anticipate a vicious attack and reduce the damage from it (Ingoldsby, T. R., 2009). However, the modes of attack are innovating quickly and both intuition and experience are hard to pass to others. So, business needs a process-based tool such as an Attack Tree to analyze threats. Moreover, Attack Trees could be a bridge to connect an experienced analyst with others (Ingoldsby, T. R., 2009). An analyst created Attack Tree could explain the rationale behind their process and people could learn and extract intelligence from the Attack Trees. As a result of adopting an Attack Tree process, security analysts could build a more efficient communication mechanism. In addition, one of the features of Attack Trees is reusability, while performing risk-analysis, it is not necessary to re-build a new Attack Tree process. A security analyst just needs to retrieve a comparative already designed Attack Trees process and trim it to fit the new mission. For a business this procedure not only saves time and money, but also helps improves the process. Since we are creating an Attack Tree based on old one, it is a way to accumulate experience to make the new Attack Tree more comprehensive. Companies no matter if they are IT related or not, are concerned about internet security issues. Some of them will look to an IT consulting firm for advice. Therefore, some IT consulting firms introduce Attack Tree to their clients. You can easily surf their website and acquire the explicit knowledge of Attack Tree, for instance, the website of Amenaza (http://www.amenaza.com/methodology_2.php). Moreover, some companies have developed a unique Threat Risk Analysis (TRA) methodology based on the Attack Tree process (Amenaza Technologies Limited, 2009). Although this could be perceived as an extension of Attack Trees, these consulting firms possess exclusive knowledge of Attack Tree processes which will help them build up their reputation. Conclusion Malicious internet attacks happen every day. The best approach to protect yourself is to forecast an attackers behavior before the disaster happens. There could be thousands of types of feasibility threats, such as; virus infections, a hacking attack, an internal attack, etc so we need a methodology to manage the TRA. An Attack Tree could be a powerful tool if it is properly implemented. References Schneier, B. (2004). Secrets and lies: digital security in a networked world. Wiley. Buldas, A, Laud, P, Priisalu, J, Saarepera , M, Willemson, J. (2006). Rational Choice of Security Measures via Multi-Parameter Attack Trees. Critical Information Infrastructures Security, 4347. Sommestad, T, Ekstedt, M, NordstrÃÆ'Â ¶m, L. (2009). modeling security of power communication systems using defense graphs and influence diagrams. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 24(4), Schneier, B. (1999). Attack trees. Dr. Dobbs journal , 24(12), Gray, N. S. (2001, August). Secrets to Creating the Exclusive Accurate Estimate. PM Network, 4. Network Security Technologies, I. (2005). Attack Tree/Threat Modeling Methodology. from http://www.netsectech.com/services/attack_tree_methodology.pdf Ingoldsby, T. R. (2009, Jan., 16). Attack Tree Analysis. Red Team, from http://redteamjournal.com/2009/01/attack-tree-analysis/ Amenaza Technologies Limited. (2009). Amenaza SecurlTree. from http://www.amenaza.com/downloads/docs/SCMagazine20-Nov2009-Amenaza.pdf

A critical analysis of The Great Gatsby Essay

It is all useless. It is like chasing the wind.† (Ecclesiastes 2:26). The â€Å"it† in this case, F Scott Fitzgerald’s groundbreaking novel The Great Gatsby, refers to the exhaustive efforts Gatsby undertakes in his quest for life: the life he wants to live, the so-called American Dream. The novel is Fitzgerald’s vessel of commentary and criticism of the American Dream. As he paints a vivid portrait of the Jazz Age, Fitzgerald defines this Dream, and through Gatsby’s downfall, expresses the futility and agony of its pursuit. Through Gatsby’s longing for it, he depicts its beauty and irresistible lure in a manner of which the Philosopher himself would be proud. The aspects of the American Dream are evident throughout Fitzgerald’s narrative. Take, for example, James Gatz’s heavenly, almost unbelievable rise from â€Å"beating his way along the south shore of Lake Superior as a clam-digger and a salmon-fisher† (Fitzgerald 95) to the great, i.e. excessive, Gatsby, housed in â€Å"a colossal affair by any standard†¦ with a tower on one side†¦ a marble swimming pool, and more than forty acres of lawn and garden† (Fitzgerald 11). The awe in which Fitzgerald presents his awakened phoenix clearly conveys the importance of improvement, or at least what one thinks is improvement, in the American Dream; it is not necessarily a life of excesses and wealth Fitzgerald defends as the Dream, for the audience sees clearly their detriments in the novel through Tom and Daisy, but rather a change in the style of life, reflecting the equally-American pioneering spirit. Nevertheless, wealth does certainly play an important role in the American Dream. With wealth, supposedly, comes comfort, as Nick mentions regarding his home: â€Å"I had a view of the water, a partial view of my neighbour’s lawn, and the consoling proximity of millionaires† (Fitzgerald 11). Wealth, states Ross Possnock in his quoting of Karl Marx, is the great equalizer of inequality: I am ugly, but I can buy the most beautiful woman for myself. Consequently, I am not ugly, for the effect of my ugliness, its power to repel, is annulled by money†¦ does not my money, therefore, transform all my incapacities into their opposites? (Possnock 204). Read Also:  Critical Response Essay Topics Gatsby’s incapacities, generally of an emotional nature, inhibitions preventing his successful capture of his long-lost love, Daisy, are washed away with the drunkenness provided by the dollar: However glorious might be his future as Jay Gatsby, he was a present a penniless young man without a past, and at any moment the invisible cloak of his uniform might slip from his shoulders†¦ He took what he could get, ravenously and unscrupulously – eventually he took Daisy one still October night (Fitzgerald 141). Once armed with the lucre, however, he is prepared to contribute equally to the relationship, making it truly an equal relation of love. Love represents the other side of the coin of wealth: as opposed to material wealth, it refers instead to emotional wealth. Whatever its plane of existence, love plays a pivotal role in the American Dream, in Gatsby’s Dream. Perhaps love is the most valuable of the aspects presented thus far of the Dream; â€Å"He hadn’t once ceased looking at Daisy, and I think he revalued everything in his house according to the measure of response it drew from her well-loved eyes† (Fitzgerald 88). Such is his love for her; the bootlegging Gatsby values this emotional wealth to the extent that he essentially abandons the material for just a moment, losing himself in the winds of passion stirred up by the swaying of Daisy’s dress as she inspects Gatsby’s lookout tower for the green light. His emotional wealth is so suddenly multiplied that â€Å"none of it [his possessions] was any longer real. Once he nearly toppled down a flight of stairs† (Fitzgerald 88). Sharing the same side of the coin is the need for social acceptance. Gatsby prides himself on his openness; his lavish parties where strangers â€Å"came and went without having met Gatsby at all, came for the party with a simplicity of heart that was its own ticket of admission† (Fitzgerald 43), proof of not only his tolerance, but also of his acceptance of those whose drinking make him grow â€Å"more correct as the fraternal hilarity increased† (Fitzgerald 51). Gatsby certainly wants the people on his side: from his house labeled a  Norman â€Å"Hotel de Ville,† or City Hall, open to the public, to Lucille’s replacement dress from Croirier’s, courtesy of Gatsby, no expense is too great in his quest to win others support. Gatsby needs as much popular support as he can get, in the face of such random acts of contempt as â€Å"he killed a man once† (Fitzgerald 45) to â€Å"he was a German spy during the war† (Fitzgerald 45). Improvement, wealth, love, popularity: all contribute to the definition of the American Dream. What is missing from the preceding list is, however, perhaps the most important quality of all: that the American Dream is exactly that, a mere dream. â€Å"Our eyes can never see enough to be satisfied; our ears can never hear enough† (Ecclesiastes 1:8). The key words here are â€Å"never† and â€Å"satisfied†; it is the essence of the American Dream, satisfaction. Unfortunately, the quest for satisfaction and happiness is unending, like eternally chasing one’s tail; hence the â€Å"never.† It is a vicious circle, one of many traps laid out by Fitzgerald for the sake of educating his audience of the perils of imagination. Indeed, given the thin line between the intrinsic desire for self-improvement and the waste and futility of pursuing mental illusions, and the consequences of the latter, the peril is quite extreme. Esteemed Gatsby inquisitor Marius Bewley succinctly defines the American Dream as â€Å"life on a level at which the material and the spiritual [i.e. imaginary] have become inextricably confused,† (Bewley 37) whose â€Å"blackest devils [are] limit and deprivation† (Bewley 38). Higher and higher the summit of its ideals climb, until surely and eventually the mountain becomes insurmountable for mortal man. â€Å"What has happened before will happen again. What has been done before will be done again† (Ecclesiastes 1:9). Such is Gatsby’s battle cry as he marches off on a mission to re-discover, or rather to re-implant, the passion he found years earlier in the person of Daisy: † ‘Can’t repeat the past?’ he cried incredulously. ‘Why of course you can!†¦ I’m going to fix everything just the way is was before,’ he said, nodding determinedly. ‘She’ll [Daisy] see’ † (Fitzgerald 106). So begins the heartbreaking circle which started on that selfish day â€Å"in the middle of spring with the arrival of Tom Buchanan†¦ The letter reached Gatsby while he was still at Oxford†Ã‚  (Fitzgerald 144). Just as Daisy re-enters Gatsby’s life and sets the circle moving, does she fulfill the reverse: she, in an equally shocking and abrupt manner, flees Gatsby, his eyes still scintillating in the reflection of the Dream, thus bringing this aspect full-circle and pounding in the first nail in the Dream’s coffin. The second nail to further seal the coffin is the revolving door quality of the rise and fall from rich to poor as the pocketbooks of the Dreamers lines with money, their moral character is chipped away. Once the conscience is destroyed, one can predict that as the money runs out, character returns. Proof of this circle is offered towards the end of the novel: heading back into East Egg from the city after a tense incident on a scorching summer’s day, Gatsby and Daisy spend their last moments together in the car; upon her return to East Egg, Daisy, Gatsby’s most valued possession, the standard against which â€Å"he revalued everything in his house† (Fitzgerald 88) leaves him and returns fully to Tom, thus leaving Gatsby â€Å"bankrupt.† As this decision transpires, Gatsby selflessly accepts the blame for the accident where Daisy, in control of the car, is at fault. Given the sheer number of its examples, the lack of morals in the materially-rich is indeed an element Fitzgerald wished to impress upon his audience. The lack of respect for life present in high society is demonstrated most strongly by Daisy’s relationship, or lack thereof, with her daughter, Pammy. Appearing only once or twice in the novel, Pammy’s non-existent role in the plot and Daisy’s life prove Daisy’s misplaced priorities as a mother and as a â€Å"successful† American Dreamer. Neglect becomes synonymous with high society in Chapter II; Myrtle’s Airedale, referred to simply as one of Mrs. Wilson’s â€Å"other purchases† (Fitzgerald 31), is last seen â€Å"sitting on the table with blind eyes through the smoke, and from time to time groaning faintly† (Fitzgerald 38) as â€Å"people disappeared, reappeared, made plans to go somewhere† (Fitzgerald 38). By the end of the book Pammy and the dog (Myrtle doesn’t even bother naming him)  are forgotten, victims of the American Dreamers’ quest for happiness. Daisy’s whims wreak havoc on other’s lives as she continues her quest for â€Å"happiness,† driving Gatsby’s car at supersonic speeds, plowing through Myrtle Wilson’s body†¦ and not even bothering to stop. Not only does she continue without batting an eye, Daisy allows Gatsby to essentially hang for her crimes without a simple â€Å"I’m sorry† or a token â€Å"I love you.† Tom, for his part, forgets the woman in favour of whom he cheats on Daisy. â€Å"There was an unmistakable air of natural intimacy about the picture, and anybody would have said that they were conspiring together† (Fitzgerald 138). Fitzgerald sums up his judgement of the financially-superior/morally-inferior: They were careless people†¦ they smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness, or whatever it was that kept them together, and let other people clean up the mess they had made (Fitzgerald 170). The mess they had made; the heaps of ashes left in their wake. Unfortunately, dreams don’t come cheap. Nor do they come without work. The dreams achieved by high society, such as the creation of the enclave known as East Egg, are built, as Marx would say, on the backs of the workers; the workers who sweat and toil for the benefit of the American Dreamers (or perhaps to join their ranks) creating and living in the vast ashheaps of America, separate from their economic rulers. They do not live the Dream; they don’t have the opportunity to. This exclusionary characteristic of the American Dream appears as the distinct snobbery evident through East Egg’s assertion of â€Å"membership in a rather distinguished secret society† (Fitzgerald 22). From â€Å"I [Nick] lived at West Egg, the – well, the less-fashionable of the two† (Fitzgerald 10), to † ‘my opinion on these matters is final,’ he [Tom] seemed to say, ‘just because I’m stronger and more of a man than you are’ † (Fitzgerald 13), to â€Å"Tom†¦ deferred to the sensibilities of those East Eggers who might be on the train† (Fitzgerald 29), it certainly seems that East Egg suffers from a superiority complex: a condition due, no doubt, to their â€Å"success† in embodying the American Dream. â€Å"So I realized that all we can do is be happy, and do the best we can while we are still alive† (Ecclesiastes 3:12). The beauty of the American Dream is that, as an unattainable yet seemingly plausible goal for all intents and purposes, it continues to inspire humanity of all nationalities to stretch to a new level of existence, regardless of their current social status. The quest for happiness is perhaps the most venerable of all human institutions due to the natural human desire for a hedonistic existence: a simple pursuit, hardly; a palpable pursuit, possibly; a consuming pursuit, definitely. While the pursuit of the American Dream can easily be branded selfish and greedy, one must admire those American Dreamers with the gall to embark on its realization. The lengths to which Gatsby goes to bring his world to fruition are, to say the least, extensive. An example is his building of â€Å"gonnegtions† with less than scrupulous business partners to finance the erection of a tower from which to gaze at a green light, a task requiring years of work, as his partner Meyer Wolfshiem reminisces: † ‘My memory goes back to when I first met him [Gatsby]’, he said. ‘A young major just out of†¦ the war [1918].’†¦ ‘Did you start him in business,’ I [Nick] inquired. ‘Start him! I made him’ † (Fitzgerald 162). While one might criticize his hyperactive imagination and perhaps even his sanity, one must grant him credit for his seemingly innocent and juvenile idealism; he is a true romantic. One must also admire his tenacity and strength of will: where lesser men would have collapsed under the strain of reality, the strong Gatsby persevered against all odds and, for a moment, held â€Å"Daisy’s white face† (Fitzgerald 107) and â€Å"she blossomed for him like a flower and the incarnation was complete† (Fitzgerald 107). The facing of such a challenge is no less heroic than catching a marlin or warding off a raging bull: all three require intense mental preparation, and though each expends different physical force, all three leave the hero exhausted physically and emotionally. Where Gatsby’s inferiors depend on alcohol to wash away their inhibitions and uncertainties – â€Å"Never had a drink before, but oh how I [Daisy] enjoy it† (Fitzgerald 74) declares a drunken, uncertain,  about-to-be-married Daisy in the face of mounting stress and anxiety over her commitment; or â€Å"the bottle of whiskey – a second one – [which] was in constant demand by all present† (Fitzgerald 37) at the heated scrutinize-Tom’s-relationships meeting in Tom’s/Myrtle’s apartment – Gatsby charges headfirst, conscious without anaesthetic, straight into the source of potential joy – and potential heartbreak. â€Å"I [Nick] wondered if the fact that he [Gatsby] was not drinking helped to set him off from his guests, for it seemed to me that he grew more correct as the†¦ hilarity increased† (Fitzgerald 51). The pathetic hilarity with which the novel ends – with Gatsby dead, sincerely believing that Daisy will call back, and Tom and Daisy continuing on, living without memory of their brief affairs of the summer of 1922 – accomplishes two things: firstly, it validates Gatsby and the American Dream; Fitzgerald contrasts the unforgivable, despicable actions of Tom and Daisy with the seemingly innocent and juvenile fantasies of Gatsby. The latter earns the audience’s sympathy, while the former are condemned for their inhumanity. Secondly, it debunks the American Dream: in spite of all the efforts and labours Gatsby invests to bring his Dream to fruition, he and his bold vision are cut short, left to rot floating in a pool of blood, rejected by reality; a strong message that material existence does not take kindly to Dreamers. And the battle returns to its origin; Dreamers recommence their offensive, reality braces itself; and the story continues. â€Å"It is all useless. It is like chasing the wind† (Ecclesiastes 2:26). Or is it? Bewley, Marius. â€Å"Scott Fitzgerald’s Criticism of America.† Twentieth Century Interpretations of The Great Gatsby. Ed. Ernest Lockridge. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968. 37-53. â€Å"Book of Ecclesiastes.† Good News Bible. Manila: Philippine Bible Society, 1980. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. London: Penguin Books, 1990. Possnock, Ross. † ‘A New World, Material Without Being Real’: Fitzgerald’s Critique of Capitalism in The Great Gatsby.† Critical Essays on Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Ed. Scott Donaldson. Boston: G.K. Hall & Co., 1984. 201-213.

Women in the Early 19th Century

The American experiment that began as a Republic after ratification of the Constitution created political, social, and economic participation for its citizens, but not for women. The status of women in the early 19th century was shaped by economic considerations, religious beliefs, and long-held notions of female inferiority. While poor, laboring women suffered the most, the characteristics of inequality were evident in all social classes. The Proper Role of Women in the Early RepublicThe early 19th century experienced a shift, at least for women in the urban centers of the Northeast, from the household economies that reflected an agricultural society to the necessity of linking female responsibilities with their husband’s careers. For lower class women, this meant supplementing family income by working either in early industrial mills, as domestic servants, or vending on city streets. Upper middle class women focused on social endeavors tied to their husband’s employme nt and continued social upper mobility.This included supervising servants, facilitating parties, and raising the children. Women who voiced any political activism were frowned upon. Perhaps the only place a woman might venture such opinions was around the dinner table. Above all, women were equated with virtue and purity. Middle and upper class women devoted time to helping charities that sought to alleviate the plight of the poor, especially widows and abandoned mothers with children. They worked with Protestant missions and labored to save poor women from prostitution.Due to the cult of female purity, they were viewed as being the best teachers, the â€Å"moral guardians† of society. Women in the Working Class In the early 19th century, many Northeast cities, especially port cities, saw an increase in crude mass production industries, as in the first textile mills. One result was the use of poor class women working for cheap wages, often to augment their husband’s me ager incomes. Some poor women left the cities during periods of harvest to assist farmers needing cheap laborers.Others earned meager sums vending on city streets. Still others worked in the growing sewing trades or as domestic servants. Single mothers, however, were often forced to rely on the Almshouses and the various charities geared toward the poor. Widows had a particularly difficult time. Historian Christine Stansell, in her 1986 study of New York women 1789 to 1860, writes that â€Å"widowhood was virtually synonymous with impoverishment. † Another result of the changes in female status was the slow decline in birthrates.Historians John D’Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman state that, â€Å"Economic interest encouraged some families to have fewer children. † They demonstrate a possible correlation of the rise of industrialization and the decline of agricultural pursuits with steadily lowering birthrates throughout the 19th century. Impact of Protestant Theol ogical Shifts By the early 19th century, Protestantism had discarded earlier notions of man’s relationship to God. This was particularly true of the Calvinist principle of predestination.Religion focused on an individual relationship with God and placed on man a greater sense of controlling one’s destiny. These views were being shaped by Transcendentalism as well as the emphasis on personal commitment coming out of the Second Great Awakening. Such views had a direct impact on sexuality and lowering birthrates. Sexuality was no longer simply a loveless act of procreation. Thus, families limited the number of children based on their economic situation. Still, the changing attitude was not universal and men and women had numerous children, especially in rural, farm areas.Lucretia Mott, an early advocate of women’s rights, for example, had six children. Female Status in the Early 19th Century Although the expectations of women in the early 19th century were shifting , their status within a patriarchal society remained the same. Politically, they were powerless. Job opportunities were severely limited. Because of the social expectations that tied female dependence on men, single women and widows were the most vulnerable. Even upper middle class women were doomed to conform to patterns of daily life that were dictated by their husbands.

buy custom Ergot Poisoning essay

buy custom Ergot Poisoning essay Problems in Salem started in January 1692, during the cold winter in Massachusetts, when eight young girls started getting ill. The first one was Elizabeth Paris who was nine years old, followed by eleven-year-old Abigail Williams. Their symptoms were an odd skin sensation, violent convulsions, deliriousness, and incomprehensible speech. The village said the girls were bewitched, after desperately searching for an explanation to no avail. After this, they started accusing people, beginning with Tituba, a slave from Parriss Caribbean. Together with Tituba, were Sarah Osburn and Sarah Good, whom the village arrested on 29 February. After that, the village arrested more than one hundred and fifty witches. The village had put to death more than twenty men and women by September 1692, without a confession from them, while others died in jail. These trials ended in October 29, after an order by Governor Sir William Phips of Massachusetts. Ever since then, historians and scholars have struggled to explain the problem in Salem. Some thought it was sexual repression, mass hysteria or dietary deficiency, while others blamed a simple fungus, Ergot, for the conditions. Linnda Caporael, presently a behavioral psychologist made the latter realizations. Linnda detected a link between certain drugs hallucinogenic effects and the symptoms the eight Salem accusers reported. The drug she identified was LSD, which is Ergots derivative, and affects rye grain. Ergotism refers to poisoning that result from this fungus. Earlier, the poisoning had been accused in the bizarre outbreaks of behavior in several areas such as Pont-Saint-Espirit. Caporael raised questions over the possibility of Ergot being the causes of those conditions in Salem. Toxicologists confirm that consuming ergot-contaminated meals may result into convulsive disorders (Douglas 175). Among the symptoms that characterize the disorders are delusions, vomiting, crawling skin sensations, hallucinations, and violent muscle spasms. It could have been possible that this was the cause of the girls conditions as they all reported these symptoms. Additionally, the fungus flourishes in warm and damp rainy summers and springs. These were exact weather conditions in 1691. Almost all of the accusers resided in Salem villages western section, a place of swampy meadows. Swampy meadows are an ideal breeding condition for the fungus. Keeping in mind that almost all the accused resided in this area, it is ordinary to conclude that they may have been innocent in their accusations,and that the death sentences were unjust. During this, rye was also a staple in the village, and was first consumed in the 1691-1692 winter, when the village reported its first symptom. This cou ld have been an easy explanation for the symptoms as there were large consumptions at the start of the season. In the 1692 summer, the village experienced a dry spell, after which the witchcraft suddenly stopped (A Chronology of Events). A number of theories have merged to explain mental illness relating to the above symptoms. Psychologists classify the symptoms that the girls exhibited under hysteria. However, scholars from various fields suggest illness such as mass hypnosis, mass hysteria, and delusions as possible explanations of the girls conditions. Mass hypnosis is highly questionable because it does not affect everyone. One other theory that scholars contended for this explanation was that the villagers wanted to get rid of merchants from Salem town. This is not a plausible argument because most of those people who were accused of witchcraft resided on the western villages of Salem. Other theorists said that the Puritan Church had started to feel as though it was losing its management over the parishioners. Because of these, the church needed to accuse people of the happenings in order to stay powerful. Though it is true that the church was gradually losing its power, the theory does not explain why the churc h would incriminate poor women such as Sarah Ousborne. Other suspicions pertain to the common individual greed at that time (Hall 89). The theory argues that those who accused the witches were jealous of the witches social positions and their possessions, and the only way for them to acquire their possessions or taint their popularity was to accuse them of the witchcraft. Jealousy, especially over wealth, has always been present in societies hence, could explain some for the accusations. However, this argument remains incredible in other cases, especially against the poor accusers such as Sarah Ousborne. Other theories relay the conditions to the Puritan lifestyle, which was extremely strict. This theory argues that the girls are overwhelmed with certain emotions but lacked outlets for releasing them. During that time, normal life meant working harder and harder, with little recreation time. Due to this rigorous routine, it could have been possible for the girls to unleash the overwhelming feeling through hysteria. However, this argument also holds little doubts because if that was the routing, then most girls could have been affected.. Additionally, the conditions seem to have started appearing at a particular time, and ended almost immediately. The lifestyle had been present even before the conditions, therefore, cannot explain the symptoms. An interesting realization that one makes by analyzing these theories is that none, except Egortism. Poisoning, exclusively explains Salems situation. Most of the theories relate the events with the happenings in the world of psychology and human services. It would be feasible to combine two or more theories in the explanation of the occurrences. This would yield a better and comprehensive explanation of the condition in Salem. The understanding derived is important in building of the future concepts. For example, Ergot poisoning could have affected the victims sound judgment. Consequently, there were good chances that the girls were overwhelmed, therefore, seeking a release of their emotions. The theories would hold more weight when they are incorporated into one another and viewed as a whole (Malcom 76). Despite these theories, the most credible explanation has been the Ergotism as it contains facts that coincide with the seasons and symptoms. However, this theory also has loopholes. Considering that a family contains other people other than the girls who could have consumed the grain, how could it be that they were the only ones who got ill? For example, in the Parris household, there were eight people. Despite the family consuming the same meals, only the poison affected Abigail and Betty. Additionally, it is confusing how all the girls hallucinated, without any of them getting back to their senses. It is hard to believe that the condition would spread as it did, and fail to get better. In conclusion, it is important to note that some of the current explanations of Salems conditions such as hysteria, physiological explanations, psychiatric disorder and fraud could have meaningful importance in understanding the case. However, there have been monumental reasons and proof that point to the credibility of Egotism as the primal explanation of the situation in Salem. Amongst them are the localization and growing conditions of the village and its weather conditions. Other theories contain major loopholes, some explaining instances that have no proof or those are difficult to control. For example, the issues of jealousy are a difficult one to evaluate. However, the issue of different growing seasons, staple food, weather and the symptoms, are verifiable facts, which add credibility to the ergotism theory. Buy custom Ergot Poisoning essay

A Farewell to Arms essays

A Farewell to Arms essays A Farewell to Arms, by Earnest Hemingway, is a great novel about the pains of life including the great sorrow that comes with loosing those you love. Frederic Henry, the protagonist of the story, is an American Lieutenant in the Italian Army during the First World War. This fact is significant in learning why this book was written because Earnest Hemingway, an American, actually drove ambulances for the Italian Army during the war. Therefore, one could safely say that this book is somewhat of a portrayal of Hemingways own experiences during the war. The gap between humanitys noble words and its dishonorable deeds was never more obvious than during World War I. For this reason the war serves brilliantly as the setting for Hemingways novel of love and disillusionment. The story begins in the summer of 1915. This is about the time that Italy joined the war. The starting place is a city named Gorizia located in Northeastern Italy near the front with Austria-Hungary. This is where Frederic lives along with the rest of the officers. As the story develops, Frederic ends up in many different cities and towns, all along the Italian-Austrian front. The story ends in the late spring of 1918 not in Italy but rather in Lausanne, Switzerland. Hemingways choice of Italy as his setting reinforces his theme. One reason for its effectiveness is that Italy was where Hemingway served as an ambulance driver: he knew its terrain and its military history very well. Italy is also a setting that further demonstrates the ironies of war. To most of the world, France was where the real war was taking place; even today our memories of World War I are drawn mainly from the Western front. Italy was, as Henry says, the picturesque front. Yet in this picturesque land men are being slaughtered by the tens of thousands. What better time and place could serve for Frederic Henrys farewell to arms? The novel sta...

The Impact of Sports Celebrity Advertising On 18-24 Year Old Males in Dissertation

The Impact of Sports Celebrity Advertising On 18-24 Year Old Males in London - Dissertation Example games; the ruining of the representation of sports celebrities as a result of current public cases relating recognized sports stars for example, Allen Iverson, Mike Tyson, Latrell Sprewell, and the substantial advertising finances that are generally assigned to this venture. I will start by presenting a comprehensive survey on celebrity endorsements and by discovering appropriate theories. I will then focus my assumptions to experimental analysis. Furthermore I will present the effects and examine their inferences for marketing executives and examiners in advertising, as well as try considering possible upcoming research trends. This study observes whether customers understand that celebrity endorsers are fond of the commodities they approve, and presents a form using these and other features of the endorser to foresee thoughts toward the endorsed creation. Way of feelings towards the advertisement the endorser and the good were also considered. The model specified that product attitudes were forecasted by conjectures about the endorser's liking for the creation and by approaches toward the one who endorse. This research was performed at university and Harrow town centre of UK using a variety of searching techniques incorporating focus crowds and an analysis of males whose ages were between 18 to 24 years. It was intended to address a chain of research queries associated to the connection between 18-24 years young men and icon-person advertisement. Introduction Whilst the celebrity is typically a complete stranger, and someone one is never prone to neither meet, nor ever truly familiar with, the virtual imminence created between celebrity and audience often has very real effects on the behaviour in which individuals discuss the experience of their everyday lives.... In this analysis there are three variables, the age of respondents, their interest in football and their liking of sports celebrity advertisements, the research gives us the conclusion that the males of 20 to 22 years are more interested in playing football and as the age becomes more than 22 the interest in football gradually becomes less. The high expenditures related to brand marketing make it essential that presenting memos successfully raise customers' attention towards the product. By means of that thought in mind, studies that observe features of advertisements that create them powerful are in particular important. The current researchers represent an initial step in classifying what makes endorsement advertisements valuable based upon work in provenance theory inside public psychology. The results put forward that endorsement-advertising success can be strongly influenced by customers' implications regarding whether the endorser, in fact, prefers the product. Advertisers, in contrast, sometimes appear to be content with simply producing a celebrity between an admired supporter and their product with the anticipation that the endorser's constructive figure will by some means "rub off" on the item. Individuals who pursue British football very frequently, repeatedly, and at times are more disposed to be influenced by David Beckham's endorsement than those who go after every other year. From this result, one can conclude that celebrity advert is most of the use when 18-24 years old males have the chance to intermingle with the celebrity.